1. INTRODUCTION:

Water is one of the most important and abundant compounds of an ecosystem. All living organisms on the earth need water for their survival and growth. As of now only earth is the planet having about 70 % of water, but due to increased human population, industrialization, use of fertilizers in the agriculture and man-made activity it is highly polluted with different harmful contaminants. Therefore it is necessary that the quality of drinking water should be checked at regular time interval, because due to use of contaminated drinking water, human population suffers from varied of water borne diseases. It is difficult to understand the biological phenomenon fully because the chemistry of water revels much about the metabolism of the ecosystem and explain the general hydro - biological relationship [1].

In developing countries pollution of water supplies by organic chemicals is lesser concern, because most of the health problems are create to be associated with the presence of inorganic chemicals and pathogenic organisms in intake water. N. Mani and Co- Workers reported that few groundwater samples of Thanjavur region is not suitable for drinking purpose due to excess of TDS, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness [7; 8]. The hard water is said to cause serious health problems such as urolithosis, cardiovascular disorder, kidney problems and cancer [9]. Additionally, WHO reports that excess intake of calcium is associate with kidney stones and that of magnesium leads to diarrhea and laxative effect due to change in bowel habit. From previous study, the water quality of Thiruvarur region most of the areas groundwater is not suitable for drinking purpose, because in the presence of excess of hardness [11, 12, 13].

In view of above aspects of groundwater contamination, the present study was undertaken to investigate the possible impact on the groundwater quality of Needamangalam region in Thiruvarur district.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

2.1. Study area:

Needamangalam is located in Thiruvarur district. The studies area lies at 10.77⁰ N, 79. 41⁰ E latitude, Fig – 1 showed the location of ground water samples was collected from Needamangalam region and Table – 1 are given about sampling points of Needamangalam region.

Table-1: Sampling points of Needamangalam region

Sampling Point	Sampling Point Number
Rishiyoor	S1
Patchaikulam	S2
Melavanthancheri	S3
Perambur	S4
Mullaivasal West	S5
Needamangalam	S6
Kattoor	S7
Mullaivasal East	S8

2.2. Methodology:

Water samples were collected using previously sterilized poly propylene plastic bottles with cap. The samples were kept in the refrigerator. Further the collected groundwater samples quality is analyzed using following Indian Standard methods [4, 6]

Table 2: Methods used for estimation of variation physicochemical parameters.

Parameters	Methods	References [4; 6]
pH	pH – Metric method	IS: 3025 (Part II)
Odour	Olfactory method	IS: 3025 (Part 5)
Turbidity	Nephelometric method	IS: 3025 (Part 10)
Electrical Conductivity	Conduct metric method	IS 3025: 1964
Total Dissolved Solid	Gravimetric method	IS: 3025 (Part 16)
Total Alkalinity	Titrimetric method	IS: 3025 (Part 23)
Chloride	Argento metric method	IS: 3025 (Part 32)
Sulphate	Turbidity method	IS: 3025 (Part 24)
Calcium	EDTA Titrimetric method	IS: 3025 (Part 40)
Magnesium	EDTA Titrimetric method	IS: 3025 (Part 46)
Nitrate	Chromotropic acid method	IS: 3025 (Part 34)
Nitrite	Spectrometric method	IS: 3025 (Part 34)
Phosphate	Spectrometric method	IS 3025: 1964
Fluoride	Zirconium alizarin method	IS 3025: 1964
Manganese	Colour comparison method	IS 3025: 1964
Iron	1, 10, Phenanthroline method	IS: 3025 (Part 53)

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The water samples were collected from various parts of Needamangalam region and were analyzed the physicochemical parameters using Indian standard methods. The results were compared with BIS drinking water quality guideline. The estimated physicochemical parameters are reported in the Table- 3 and Table- 4.

3.1. Colour, Odour:

Entire collected groundwater samples of Needamangalam region were colour less, odour less in nature.

3.2. Turbidity:

Turbidity in natural water is caused by clay, organic matter, phytoplankton etc., and the turbidity of ground water sample of Needamangalam region ranged from 1 NTU to 3 NTU, (See: Table- 3).

3.3. Electrical Conductivity:

Electrical conductivity is the capacity of water to convey current and this may be due to the presence of soluble salts and ionic species which act as conducting medium. Conductivity of collected groundwater samples ranged from 700µS/cm to 3900 µS/cm; the data are given in table-3 and showed fig-2.

3.4. Total Dissolved Solids:

Total Dissolved Solids is the total amount of charged ions or metals dissolved in a given volume of water. The total dissolved solids of collected groundwater samples ranged from 490 mg/l to 2730 mg/l; from the report we determined the TDS of groundwater sample number S1, S2, S3, S4, S6, S7 and S8 is high compare than BIS desirable limit (See: Table - 3), (See: Fig - 4). N. Mani and Co – worker is reported, If the TDS of drinking water is more than 2000 mg/l, would result to affect gastro intestinal irritation to human beings [2; 3; 9]. Hence the Needamangalam region people may affect intestinal problems.

3.5. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH):

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) is the measure of alkalinity in natural water. The desirable pH range for drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5, it is prescribe by BIS. In Needamangalam region water samples had pH ranging from 6.9 to 7.2. The entire collected water samples lies within BIS permissible limit, showing that all the samples were almost neutral (See: Table-4).

3.6. Alkalinity:

Alkalinity in water is due to the presence of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides. Bicarbonates are the major contributors since they are included from the basic materials in the soil. The alkalinity of water is easily determined by absorbance of H⁺ ions. Total alkalinity of Needamangalam region groundwater samples was found to range from 260 mg/l to 520 mg/l, (See: Table- 4), (See: Fig- 4). In Needamangalam region an entire collected groundwater samples had total alkalinity lying above the BIS desirable limit (200 mg/l); from the report we can identify the collected water samples will cause abdomen irritation and also reduce the crop yield.

3.7. Chloride:

Discharge of domestic sewage is the main source of chloride in water. The chloride of collected water samples ranging from 44 mg/l – 852 mg/l, (See: Table- 4), (See: Fig- 8); from the results we can determine the Chloride content of groundwater sample number S2, S3, S6 and S8 is high compare than BIS desirable limit. Hence the excess chloride of groundwater samples is corrosive nature.

3.8. Sulphate:

The drainage wastes are the main source of high sulphate concentration in water. From my studies the Sulphate content of collected groundwater sample ranged between 24 mg/l to 182 mg/l. Entire groundwater samples had low sulphate content compare than BIS limit, (Table- 4), (Fig- 10).

3.9. Nitrate:

This is the highest oxidized form of Nitrogen. Biological oxidation of nitrogenous substance from sewage is the main source of nitrate. The collected water samples were found to have nitrate concentration ranging from 2 mg/l to 22 mg/l. All the groundwater samples had nitrate content lying within the BIS limit, (See: Table- 4), (See: Fig- 7).

3.10. Nitrite:

Nitrite in water is due to incomplete oxidation of organic matter containing nitrogen. Nitrites should never be present in drinking water, if nitrite present excess in drinking water will affect the human beings. The collected groundwater samples nitrite content lying below the detectable limit except ground water sample number S6 and S8 (See: Table- 4).

3.11. Phosphate:

Domestic sewage, agricultural effluents and detergents are the main source of phosphate in water. Excess phosphate in water may lead to growth of unwanted algae. Entire collected water samples phosphate content lying well below the detectable limit (BDL) except ground water sample number S6 (See: Table- 4).

3.12. Calcium:

In Needamangalam region groundwater samples calcium hardness was recorded from 32 mg/l to 168 mg/l; from my research results, we identify the groundwater sample number S2, S3, S7 and S8 have high concentration of calcium ion compare than BIS limit.

D. Kannan and Co – workers reported, the excess of calcium ion in groundwater causing kidney problem to human beings [5; 7; 10; 11]. The groundwater calcium ion data values are given in Table–4 and fig- 5.

3.13. Magnesium:

The magnesium hardness was recorded from 8 mg/l to 64 mg/l. The magnesium content of groundwater sample number S2, S3 and S8 had high concentration compare than BIS limit, (See: Table- 4), (See: Fig- 6).

3.14. Iron and Manganese:

The entire groundwater samples of Needamangalam region iron and manganese content lying below the detectable limit (See: Table-4).

3.15. Fluoride:

Industrial waste is the main source of fluoride. The fluoride content of groundwater samples was recorded between 0.1 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l; from my research report the collected groundwater samples had low concentration of fluoride. So the low concentration of fluoride does not cause any problems to human beings like yellow teeth. The data values are given in table – 4 and the variation shown in figure – 9.

Table3: Physical parameters of ground water collected from Needamangalam region.

Parameters	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8	BIS Desirable limit
Appearance	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	-
Odour	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Agreeable
Turbidity	2	2	2	1	2	3	2	1	2 NTU
EC (µS/cm)	1170	1940	3900	725	700	1930	1210	2200	-
TDS	819	1358	2730	508	490	1351	847	1540	500 mg/l

TDS = Total Dissolved Solids, EC = Electrical Conductance.

Table 4: Chemical parameters of ground water collected from Needamangalam region.

Parameters	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8	BIS Desirable limit
pH	7	7	7	7.2	7.2	7	6.9	6.9	6.5 – 8.5
Alkalinity	320	320	420	260	260	520	360	280	200 mg/l
Ca²⁺	72	99	136	32	40	69	83	168	75 mg/l
Mg²⁺	16	29	64	14	8	23	21	58	30 mg/l
Fe³⁺	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	0.3 mg/l
Mn²⁺	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	0.1 mg/l
NO₂^-	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	0.01	BDL	0.10	0.02 mg/l
NO₃^-	5	4	4	4	3	22	2	3	45 mg/l
Cl^-	152	304	852	72	44	224	132	524	200 mg/l
F^-	0.4	0.1	0.5	0.2	0.6	0.6	0.5	BDL	1.0 mg/l
SO₄^2-	41	130	182	26	24	83	52	43	200 mg/l
PO₄^3-	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL	1.07	BDL	BDL	-

Fig - 2: EC variation of studied area

Fig - 3: TDS variation of the studied area

Fig - 4: Alkalinity variation of studied area

Fig - 5: Calcium variation of studied area

Fig - 6: Magnesium variation of studied area

Fig - 7: Nitrate variation of studied area

Fig - 8: Chloride variation of studied area

Fig - 9: Fluoride variation of studied area

Fig - 10: Sulphate variation of studied area

4. CONCLUSION:

From my research results, we concluded that the water quality of most of the collected groundwater samples in Needamangalam region is not suitable for drinking purpose, because in the region groundwater had excess of TDS, total alkalinity, chloride and calcium hardness. The excess of hardness may cause gastro intestinal irritations, skin irritation and kidney problems to human being. Hence we need special treatment before you use the water and rainwater harvesting is one of the best solutions to minimize the heavy metals concentration in groundwater.

5. REFERENCES:

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Received on 18.08.2019 Modified on 07.09.2019

Asian J. Research Chem. 2019; 12(5):248-252.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2019.00046.4